The part drawing below has been removed from its header and its dimensions and tolerances hidden for clarity. Still there at least five errors or items that are considered poor practice in the orthogonal projection of the views. Find these items and note, in your mind, how these items should be corrected. Portions of the drawing may be enlarged by clicking on that area.
Solid line for ramp edge is missing on front view.
Top and front views are not aligned.
Viewplanes and their names should not be shown.
Centerlines are missing on top view.
Solid line on profile view should not exist.front view.. on front view.on front view.
5895,4995
buttonclick
buttonclick
"5895,4995"
5895,3570
buttonclick
buttonclick
"5895,3570"
5250,3450
buttonclick
buttonclick
"5250,3450"
5640,2730
buttonclick
buttonclick
"5640,2730"
8445,4590
buttonclick
buttonclick
"8445,4590"
cover1
cover2
cover3
cover4
cover5
step1
step4
step5
step2
step3
step3
step3
backward
forward
pause
audioOn
paused
thisWav
playing
buttonClick
buttonClick
4thisWav, audioOn
mmstatus
clip
; = "playing"
mmPause
c = "paused"
mmPlay
} notify
repeat
audioon
thiswav
audioerror
buttonclick
buttonclick
4thiswav, audioon, vol
syserrornumber = 0
mmvolume
clip
mmplay
[<> 0
audioerror
/"single"
Repeat
Portions of the drawing may be enlarged by clicking on that area.
r and its dimensions and tolerances hidden for clarity. Still there at least five errors or items that are considered poor practice in the orthogonal projection of the views. Find these items and note, in your mind, how these items should be corrected. Portions of the drawing may be enlarged by clicking on that area.
nopix
buttonclick
buttonclick
false
false
buttonclick
buttonclick
False
inconclusive
L&inconclusive
buttonclick
buttonclick
inconclusive
Inconclusive
quiz1
misc.tbk
correct
misc.tbk
incorrect
false
misc.tbk
incorrect
inconclusive
thisAnim
lastAnim
thisWav
lastWav
enterpage
audiodone
animdone
-- These scripts are where you
the answer
's quiz question
? buttons (on
/) will always
Dsame message.
It's
-- just a matter
creating
u"correct"
"incorrect"
-- setting
inconclusive
display
F one, since that
be chosen.
8"misc.tbk"
%modal
4thisAnim, thisWav, lastAnim, lastWav
audiodone
animdone
Quiz 4.1
All visible lines on the multiview drawing shown are present and in the correct location.
answer
True.
reference
standard
All lines shown are planes.
All lines shown are planes.
nopix
nopix
buttonclick
buttonclick
false
false
buttonclick
buttonclick
False
inconclusive
L&inconclusive
buttonclick
buttonclick
inconclusive
Inconclusive
Quiz 4.2
All visible lines on the multiview drawing shown are present and in the correct location.
answer
False. The line shown is missing..
reference
"U$64U$
64U$64
<'U$<'Q1
answer
All lines shown are planes.
standard
nopix
buttonclick
buttonclick
false
false
buttonclick
buttonclick
False
inconclusive
L&inconclusive
buttonclick
buttonclick
inconclusive
Inconclusive
Quiz 4.3
All visible lines on the multiview drawing shown are present and in the correct location.
answer
False. The line shown is missing..
reference
reference
AGER\mwavosw.dsp
answer
All lines shown are planes.
standard
nopix
buttonclick
buttonclick
false
false
buttonclick
buttonclick
False
inconclusive
L&inconclusive
buttonclick
buttonclick
inconclusive
Inconclusive
misc.tbk
correct
misc.tbk
incorrect
false
misc.tbk
incorrect
inconclusive
thisAnim
lastAnim
thisWav
lastWav
enterpage
audiodone
animdone
-- These scripts are where you
the answer
's quiz question
? buttons (on
/) will always
Dsame message.
It's
-- just a matter
creating
u"correct"
"incorrect"
-- setting
inconclusive
display
F one, since that
be chosen.
8"misc.tbk"
%modal
4thisAnim, thisWav, lastAnim, lastWav
audiodone
animdone
Quiz 4.4
All visible lines on the multiview drawing shown are present and in the correct location.
answer
True.
reference
standard
All lines shown are planes.
nopix
buttonclick
buttonclick
false
false
buttonclick
buttonclick
False
inconclusive
L&inconclusive
buttonclick
buttonclick
inconclusive
Inconclusive
misc.tbk
correct
misc.tbk
incorrect
false
misc.tbk
incorrect
inconclusive
thisAnim
lastAnim
thisWav
lastWav
enterpage
audiodone
animdone
-- These scripts are where you
the answer
's quiz question
? buttons (on
/) will always
Dsame message.
It's
-- just a matter
creating
u"correct"
"incorrect"
-- setting
inconclusive
display
F one, since that
be chosen.
8"misc.tbk"
%modal
4thisAnim, thisWav, lastAnim, lastWav
audiodone
animdone
Quiz 4.5
The top view on the multiview drawing shown is unnecessary for full representation of the object it depicts.
answer
True. But it is not considered a good practice to do so. It is easier to interpret with all three views......
reference
practices
nopix
buttonclick
buttonclick
false
false
buttonclick
buttonclick
False
inconclusive
L&inconclusive
buttonclick
buttonclick
inconclusive
Inconclusive
misc.tbk
incorrect
misc.tbk
correct
false
misc.tbk
incorrect
inconclusive
thisAnim
lastAnim
thisWav
lastWav
enterpage
audiodone
animdone
-- These scripts are where you
the answer
's quiz question
? buttons (on
/) will always
Dsame message.
It's
-- just a matter
creating
u"correct"
"incorrect"
-- setting
inconclusive
display
F one, since that
be chosen.
8"misc.tbk"
%modal
4thisAnim, thisWav, lastAnim, lastWav
audiodone
animdone
Quiz 4.6
The side view on the multiview drawing shown is unnecessary for full representation of the object it depicts.
answer
False. The side view is needed to distinguish the chamfers from a square cut-out..
reference
standard
theory
standard
thisAnim
lastAnim
thisWav
lastWav
enterPage
AnimDone
AudioDone
4thisWav, lastWav, thisAnim, lastAnim
enterPAge
AnimDone
AudioDone
You have reached the end of Orthogonal Projection. To review the material, go to the next page. To continue to Pictorials, click the button below.below.
Introduce the theory of orthographic projection for drawing an object.
Demonstrate the creation of standard views used in engineering drawing.
Show common, accepted practices in creating views of an object.
buttonclick
buttonclick
Begin Lesson
Example 4.1
For the object shown, create a multiview drawing which shows the front, top, and profile views.
nd profile views.
step0
step1
step3
step2
step4
step5
step6
step7
step8
step9
1. Imagine the part views in their correct orientation.
otate animated part to F, H, P)
ont, top, and profile views.
2. Outline the physical limits of the part on each view. Make sure the views are aligned.
the front, top, and profile views.
3. Start with a common point on the object, and show it on all views.
ws are aligned.
s the front, top, and profile views.
4. Draw the exterior limits of the part. Make sure that the part depth on the top and profile views are equal.
profile views.
5. Draw the intersections of planes. Make sure that all features are properly aligned.
6. Draw the intersections of planes and curved surfaces, except when the intersections are tangent.
7. Show hidden lines only as required for clarity.
8. Add centerlines to cylindrical sections which have arcs of 180 and greater.
9. Add any notes or details as required for clarity. Follow guidelines for convention and common practices.
txt10
10. Remove the construction lines.
backward
forward
pause
audioOn
paused
thisWav
playing
buttonClick
buttonClick
4thisWav, audioOn
mmstatus
clip
; = "playing"
mmPause
c = "paused"
mmPlay
} notify
repeat
audioon
thiswav
audioerror
buttonclick
buttonclick
4thiswav, audioon, vol
syserrornumber = 0
mmvolume
clip
mmplay
[<> 0
audioerror
Repeat
animationstage
Animationstage
thisAnim
animerror
buttonclick
buttonclick
4thisAnim, x, ref
x = 0
y = 5
syserrornumber = 0
mmPlay clip
stage "Animationstage" notify
S<> 0
animerror
Repeat Animation
instruct
thisanim
lastanim
thiswav
numframes
lastwav
enterpage
reset
leavepage
,%H.%
cover
forward
paused
currframe
thiswav
playing
update
reset
audiodone
animdone
4numframes, thiswav, thisanim, lastwav, lastanim
V = 5
reset
4currframe,
syserrornumber = 0
(mmstatus
clip
= "playing"
= "paused")
mmstop
wait
" & i)
("cover" & i)
update
audiodone
animdone
Example 4.2
The part drawing below has been removed from its header and its dimensions and tolerances hidden for clarity. Still there are at least five errors or items that are considered poor practice in the orthogonal projection of the views. Find these items and note, in your mind, how these items should be corrected. tions of the drawing may be enlarged by clicking on that area.
Centerline missing on front view.
Solid lines for bore should be hidden on top view.
Small radius should be represented as a line on profile view.
Line is missing on web in front view.
Tangent intersections should not appear, on front view..
5955,3555
buttonclick
buttonclick
"5955,3555"
5970,2085
buttonclick
buttonclick
"5970,2085"
8070,4065
buttonclick
buttonclick
"8070,4065"
6090,4050
buttonclick
buttonclick
"6090,4050"
5835,3585
buttonclick
buttonclick
"5835,3585"
cover1
cover2
cover3
cover4
cover5
step1
step2
step4
step5
step3
backward
audioon
cover
forward
paused
currframe
thiswav
audioerror
playing
update
buttonclick
buttonclick
4currframe, numframes
4thiswav, audioon, vol
9 > 0
("cover" &
m - 1
w <> 0
syserrornumber = 0
(mmstatus
clip
= "playing"
= "paused")
mmstop
wait
= "4-2-" &
<> 0
mmvolume
mmplay
audioerror
update
forward
pause
audioOn
paused
thisWav
playing
buttonClick
buttonClick
4thisWav, audioOn
mmstatus
clip
; = "playing"
mmPause
c = "paused"
mmPlay
} notify
repeat
audioon
thiswav
audioerror
buttonclick
buttonclick
4thiswav, audioon, vol
syserrornumber = 0
mmvolume
clip
mmplay
[<> 0
audioerror
Repeat
Portions of the drawing may be enlarged by clicking on that area.
r and its dimensions and tolerances hidden for clarity. Still there at least five errors or items that are considered poor practice in the orthogonal projection of the views. Find these items and note, in your mind, how these items should be corrected. Portions of the drawing may be enlarged by clicking on that area.
<BookPath>
:HDMEDIAPATH
pagesys.sbk
=^addToSysBooks
thisAnim
Orthogonal Projection
thisWav
statusBar
menusys.sbk
enterBook
addToSysBooks
4thisWav, thisAnim
addToSysBooks "pagesys.sbk"
menusys.
statusBar = "Orthogonal Projection"
xnewBook
Arial
Arial
Arial
Arial
System
E:\,E:\
Arial
:CDMEDIAPATH
E:\,E:\,E:\
\,E:\
Boldface PS
Boldface PS
TBKWidgets
Arial
New Roman
\,E:\,E:\
Arial
New Roman
Arial
New Roman
pagesys.sbk
=^addToSysBooks
tb30win.dll
thisAnim
Orthogonal Projection
thisWav
statusBar
YieldApp
menusys.sbk
enterBook
tb30win.dll
addToSysBooks
4thisWav, thisAnim
addToSysBooks "pagesys.sbk"
menusys.
X"tb30win.dll"
YieldApp()
statusBar = "Orthogonal Projection"
newBook
Graphics Interactive
pause
audioOn
paused
thisWav
audioerror
playing
buttonClick
buttonClick
4thisWav, audioOn, vol
syserrornumber = 0
mmStatus
clip
U = "playing"
mmPause
= "paused"
mmvolume
Pthiswav =
mmPlay
notify
audioerror
repeat
audioOn
thisWav
audioerror
buttonClick
buttonClick
4thisWav, audioOn, vol
syserrornumber = 0
mmvolume
clip thiswav =
mmPlay
notify
v<> 0
audioerror
Repeat
theory
theory
ortho1
thisAnim
lastAnim
thisWav
lastWav
enterPage
leavePage
AnimDone
AudioDone
4lastAnim, thisAnim, lastWav, thisWav
--switch the
, = "ortho1"
O = "theory"
AnimDone
AudioDone
Orthographic projection is the projection of a three dimesnional object onto a plane by rays perpendicular to that plane. It is universally accepted as graphically representing an object in an engineering drawing.
animationStage
Orthographic Projectionnn
repeat
Animationstage
thisAnim
animerror
buttonclick
buttonclick
4thisAnim, ref
syserrornumber = 0
mmPlay clip
stage "Animationstage"
F<> 0
animerror
Repeat Animation
&File
E&xit Alt+F4
Exit the program
&Navigate
navigate
&First Page Ctrl+Home
first
&Next Page Page Down
&Previous Page Page Up
previous
&Go to Page... Ctrl+G
Introduction
intro
Go to Introduction chapter
Objectives
intro1
History
intro2
Usefulness
intro3
Sketching
sketch
Go to Sketching chapter
Objectives
Techniques
Objects
Cartooning
Engineering Drawings
formDraw
Go to Formal Drawings chapter
Objectives
Format
Working Drawings
Othogonal Projection
ortho
Go to Orthogonal Projection chapter
Objectives
orth1
Theory
orth2
Standard Views
orth3
Auxiliary Views
orth4
Common Practices
orth5
orth6
Pictorials
pictorials
Go to Pictorials chapter
Objectives
pict1
Oblique View
pict2
Isometric View
pict3
Perspective View
pict4
pict5
Sections
sections
Go to Sections chpater
Objectives
Full Section
Half Section
Offset Section
Broken-Out Section
Revolved Section
Removed Section
Common Practices
Dimensioning
dimension
Go to Dimensioning chapter
Objectives
Definitions
Guidelines
Common Shorthand
Tolerancing
tolerance
Go to Tolerancing chapter
Objectives
Definitions
Practical Fabrication Tolerances
True Position
Datums
Surface Features
Descriptive Geometry
descGeom
Go to Descriptive Geometry chapter
Objectives
Basic Principles and Relationships
Line Visibility
Distance Between Lines
Edge Views and True Shapes
Dihedral Angles
Intersection of a Line and a Plane
Intersection of Two Planes
Intersection of a Plane and a Solid
Intersection of Solids
Surface Developments
Contours and Cut-and-Fill
Shadows
&Main Menu Ctrl+Alt+Home
Go to the main menu
&Options
options
&Audio
Mute Ctrl+M
OnOff
Turns audio on or off
Volume...
setVolume
Set the volume of audio
&Page Controls
controls
Displays/Hides the Navigation Control Bar
&Help
Instructions F1
tutor
How to use the program
About the Authors
authors
Information about the authors
Prof. Dennis K. Lieu
Chris Casey
Su Shien Pang
Paul Krueger
Allison Okamura
Acknowledgments
others
Copyright Info
copyright
smpause
smpausedis
backwardsml
backwardDis
forwardsml
forwardDis
pauseup
pauseDis
repeat
**""""""**"
**********
*********
********
""
standard
thisAnim
lastAnim
thisWav
3views
lastWav
ortho2
enterPage
leavePage
AnimDone
AudioDone
4lastAnim, thisAnim, lastWav, thisWav
--switch the
, = "ortho2"
O = "3views"
AnimDone
AudioDone
animationStage
The frontal, horizontal, and profile views are standard for representing an object. At least two views are required to define a three dimensional object. Notice how each of the views is orthogonal to the adjacent ones.
repeat
Animationstage
thisAnim
animerror
buttonclick
buttonclick
4thisAnim, ref
syserrornumber = 0
mmPlay clip
stage "Animationstage"
F<> 0
animerror
Repeat Animation
Repeat Animation
repeat
animationStage
mouseEnter
default
mouseLeave
buttonClick
= cursor
= default
buttonClick
4x, y
x = 20
y = 25
stage2
mouseEnter
default
mouseLeave
buttonClick
= cursor
= default
buttonClick
4x, y
x = 0
y = 5
mouseEnter
default
mouseLeave
buttonClick
= cursor
= default
buttonClick
4x, y
x = 30
y = 40
mouseEnter
default
mouseLeave
buttonClick
= cursor
= default
buttonClick
4x, y
x = 70
y = 80
mouseEnter
default
mouseLeave
buttonClick
= cursor
= default
buttonClick
4x, y
x = 10
y = 15
mouseEnter
default
mouseLeave
buttonClick
= cursor
= default
buttonClick
4x, y
x = 50
y = 60
There is no fixed front view to an object, although views should be chosen to have as few hidden details as possible. The example above shows standard and nonstandard views for a dial bracket. Views may be unfolded in any order - the pattern shown above is one of many.
Click the image above to see the object on the left rotate.rotate.
animerror
stage2
thisAnim
buttonclick
buttonclick
4thisAnim, ref, repx, repy, x, y
x =
y =
syserrornumber = 0
mmPlay clip
stage "stage2" hold notify
m<> 0
animerror
auxiliary
mouseEnter
default
mouseLeave
buttonClick
= cursor
= default
buttonClick
4x, y
x = 80
y = 85
mouseEnter
default
mouseLeave
buttonClick
= cursor
= default
buttonClick
4x, y
x = 90
y = 95
mouseEnter
default
mouseLeave
buttonClick
= cursor
= default
buttonClick
4x, y
x = 100
y = 105
mouseEnter
default
mouseLeave
buttonClick
= cursor
= default
buttonClick
4x, y
x = 110
y = 115
ade speed 200
animationStage
repeat
animationStage
auxintro
animerror
thisAnim
buttonclick
buttonclick
4thisAnim, ref, repx, repy, x, y
syserrornumber = 0
. =0
0 = 0
mmPlay clip "auxintro"
stage "animationStage" hold
x =
y =
= notify
animerror
Repeat Animation
animationStage
notify handler
false
thisAnim
timer
timeGetTime
notifyBefore
4timer, y, thisAnim, done
< handler"
timeGetTime() > 1000+
? = "
mmPlay clip
(y+5)
stage "animationStage" hold
x =
Engineering drawings show features in true shape as often as possible, for ease of use. When standard views are insufficient to describe all aspects of an object, additional views are used. Auxiliary views are constructed parallel to the plane containing the outstanding feature, to show it in true shape.
Click one of the images above to see the object rotate.....rotate.
h.^.^.
practices
Orthographic views are chosen to show as many lines in true length as possible. At least two views are required to define an object.
The intersection lines of the orthographic planes are not shown.
For small radii, intersections of blended planar surfaces are shown by a line.
Schematics are used to describe objects difficult to draw in full detail.
Orthographic projection with properly aligned views is always used.
Lines are assumed to be intersections of planes.
Circles are assumed to be intersections of cylinders and orthogonal planes.
Hidden parts are denoted by dashed lines for clarity.
newwav
ortho6a
buttonclick
buttonclick
4newwav
= "ortho6a"
newwav
ortho6b
buttonclick
buttonclick
4newwav
= "ortho6b"
newwav
ortho6c
buttonclick
buttonclick
4newwav
= "ortho6c"
newwav
ortho6d
buttonclick
buttonclick
4newwav
= "ortho6d"
newwav
ortho6e
buttonclick
buttonclick
4newwav
= "ortho6e"
ortho6f
newwav
buttonclick
buttonclick
4newwav
= "ortho6f"
newwav
ortho6g
buttonclick
buttonclick
4newwav
= "ortho6g"
newwav
ortho6h
buttonclick
buttonclick
4newwav
= "ortho6h"
The purpose of an engineering drawing is to enable the recreation of objects. The views in these drawings are constructed according to the following conventions.Following are some conventions used in constructing
Click one of the principles for an example.
framesf
framesc
6A~ !
framesa
framesb
framesd
framese
framesg
framesh
solids
pgRef
ftsSearch
Full Text Search
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